在 Docker 上搭建 PostGIS 数据库实现空间数据存储及可视化

此文旨在记录与传播在 Docker 上搭建 PostGIS 数据库实现空间数据存储及可视化的知识要点。

PostGIS

已经有PostGIS经验的大佬可以忽略此段了。解释 PostGIS 之前需要介绍 PostgreSQL (简称 postgres ); postgres 是一个数据库服务器软件，由加州大学伯克利分校计算机系开发；部署在服务器上可以由不同数量的客户端连接，进而操作postgres 数据库中的数据。PostGIS 是在 postgres 之上的一款扩展软件，他主要用来存储及操作空间数据（矢量和栅格），还可以对进行空间分析。

Docker

对于一位不熟悉命令行的用户来说可能Docker 是一头野兽；有点吓人吧。 因为他的大部分操作都是基于命令行的；但是它为您提供了一种构建和运行软件的方式，通过构建一种名为LXC容器的技术，以非常一致和可控的方式运行软件。

对于GISer来说，Docker 和 PostGIS 又意味着什么呢？ 如果有 Docker 和 PostGIS 技术，GISer或者其他人都能以最小的配置在任何机器上安装软件，而且环境都是一致的，这在开发和运维中至关重要。当然 Docker 这项技术并不限于和 PostGIS 结合。

安装Docker

Docker 是夸平台的可以安装在任何机器上。前面已经有关于 Docker 安装及使用的文章，可以去参考，在这就不去一一解释了，直接给出通过 Vagrant 安装的简略步骤。

环境

注： 因为我们安装好的 PostGIS 要和我们本机的软件进行通信，所以需要使用 host-only 网络, 且指定IP为192.168.33.10。

Vagrantfile文件内容

注：假定已安装Virtual Box 及 Vagrant.

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
  # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
  # https://docs.vagrantup.com.

  # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
  # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
  config.vm.box = "centos/7"

  # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
  # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
  # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
  # config.vm.box_check_update = false

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
  # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
  # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
  # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"

  # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
  # using a specific IP.
  config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
  # config.vm.network "public_network", ip: "192.168.141.204"

  # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
  # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
  # your network.
  # config.vm.network "public_network"

  # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
  # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
  # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
  # argument is a set of non-required options.
  # config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"

  # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
  # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
  # Example for VirtualBox:
  #
  # config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
  #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
  #   vb.gui = true
  #
  #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
  #   vb.memory = "1024"
  # end
  #
  # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
  # information on available options.

  # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
  # Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
  # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
  # config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
  #   apt-get update
  #   apt-get install -y apache2
  # SHELL
end

安装 centos 系统

$ vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Checking if box 'centos/7' is up to date...
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
......
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/c/VM/Vagrant/ => /vagrant
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.

查看虚拟机系统状态

$ vagrant status
Current machine states:

default                   running (virtualbox)

The VM is running. To stop this VM, you can run `vagrant halt` to
shut it down forcefully, or you can run `vagrant suspend` to simply
suspend the virtual machine. In either case, to restart it again,
simply run `vagrant up`.

连接 centos 虚拟机

$ vagrant ssh
Last login: Wed May  9 07:01:18 2018 from 10.0.2.2
[vagrant@localhost ~]$

安装Docker, 安装参考官网

在刚才连接的虚拟机中执行如下命令

$ sudo yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-selinux \
                  docker-engine-selinux \
                  docker-engine
$ sudo yum install -y yum-utils \
  device-mapper-persistent-data \
  lvm2
$ sudo yum-config-manager \
    --add-repo \
    https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
$ sudo yum install docker-ce
# 安装完成后启动 Docker 
$ sudo systemctl start docker

解决权限问题

$ sudo groupadd docker
$ sudo gpasswd -a vagrant docker
$ exit
$ vagrant ssh
$ docker version
Client:
 Version:      18.03.1-ce
 API version:  1.37
 Go version:   go1.9.5
 Git commit:   9ee9f40
 Built:        Thu Apr 26 07:20:16 2018
 OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
 Experimental: false
 Orchestrator: swarm

Server:
 Engine:
  Version:      18.03.1-ce
  API version:  1.37 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:   go1.9.5
  Git commit:   9ee9f40
  Built:        Thu Apr 26 07:23:58 2018
  OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
  Experimental: false

安装 PostGIS 镜像

$ mdkir postgre_data && cd postgre_data
$ pwd
/home/vagrant/postgre_data
$ docker run --name=postgis -d -e POSTGRES_USER=sde -e POSTGRES_PASS=sde -e POSTGRES_DBNAME=gis -e ALLOW_IP_RANGE=0.0.0.0/0 -p 5432:5432 -v $(pwd):/var/lib/postgresql --restart=always kartoza/postgis:9.6-2.4
d6f14f3e815fbca4d644582c45aca90dff2b16aba58f0b5765409a140930a3bb

• docker run --name=postgis 告诉 docker新建一个名为postgis的镜像
• -d 后台运行
• -e POSTGRES_USER=sde 通过 -e 参数向镜像写入POSTGRES_USER=sde的环境变量作为 PostgreSQL的超级用户，你可以在任何地方改变他。
• -e POSTGRES_PASS=sde 通过 -e 参数向镜像写入POSTGRES_PASS=sde的环境变量作为 PostgreSQL的超级用户的密码，你可以在任何地方改变他。
• -e POSTGRES_DBNAME=gis 通过 -e 参数向镜像写入POSTGRES_DBNAME=gis的环境变量作为操作 PostgreSQL 的当前数据库，你可以在任何地方改变他。
• -e ALLOW_IP_RANGE=0.0.0.0/0 通过 -e 参数向镜像写入ALLOW_IP_RANGE=0.0.0.0/0的环境变量，使任何客户端都可以连接当前数据库的配置，你可以在任何地方改变他。
• -p 5432:5432 因为 PostgreSQL 向外暴露5432，我们要使用外面实体机的 pgAdmin 连接Docker中的数据库，故向外映射5432端口，又因为 centos 虚拟机和实体机质检室host-only网络，故在连接。
• -v $(pwd):/var/lib/postgresql 挂载(bind)当前目录与PostgreSQL生产的数据库,这样两边的数据会同步。
• --restart=always 创建一条自动启动的规则，告诉 Docker ， 每次启动的时候 postgis 容器自动启动。
• kartoza/postgis:9.6-2.4 指定 postgis的镜像为 kartoza/postgis， 且版本为 PostgreSQL 9.6 和 PostGIS 2.4

查看运行的镜像

$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                     COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                    NAMES
d6f14f3e815f        kartoza/postgis:9.6-2.4   "/bin/sh -c /docker-…"   51 seconds ago      Up 50 seconds       0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   postgis

查看运行的 postgis 镜像的日志

$ docker logs postgis
Add rule to pg_hba: 0.0.0.0/0
Add rule to pg_hba: replication user
Setup master database
# ......略
Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /usr/lib/postgresql/9.6/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.6/main -l logfile start

WARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or
--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.
2018-05-10 07:08:38.015 UTC [51] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2018-05-10 07:08:37 UTC
2018-05-10 07:08:38.015 UTC [52] postgres@postgres FATAL:  the database system is starting up
psql: FATAL:  the database system is starting up
2018-05-10 07:08:38.023 UTC [51] LOG:  MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled
2018-05-10 07:08:38.026 UTC [39] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
2018-05-10 07:08:38.026 UTC [57] LOG:  autovacuum launcher started
                             List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding  | Collate | Ctype |   Access privileges
-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+-----------------------
 postgres  | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     |
 template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     | =c/postgres          +
           |          |           |         |       | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     | =c/postgres          +
           |          |           |         |       | postgres=CTc/postgres
(3 rows)

postgres ready
# .....略
Setup postgres User:Password
CREATE ROLE
Check default db exists
Create default db gis
                                 List of databases
       Name       |  Owner   | Encoding  | Collate | Ctype |   Access privileges
------------------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+-----------------------
 gis              | sde      | UTF8      | C       | C     |
 postgres         | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     |
 template0        | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     | =c/postgres          +
                  |          |           |         |       | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1        | postgres | SQL_ASCII | C       | C     | =c/postgres          +
                  |          |           |         |       | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template_postgis | postgres | UTF8      | C       | C     |
(5 rows)

2018-05-10 07:08:41.291 UTC [39] LOG:  received smart shutdown request
2018-05-10 07:08:41.291 UTC [57] LOG:  autovacuum launcher shutting down
2018-05-10 07:08:41.293 UTC [54] LOG:  shutting down
2018-05-10 07:08:41.300 UTC [39] LOG:  database system is shut down

/docker-entrypoint.sh: ignoring /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/*

Postgres initialisation process completed .... restarting in foreground
2018-05-10 07:08:41.328 UTC [231] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2018-05-10 07:08:41 UTC
2018-05-10 07:08:41.329 UTC [231] LOG:  MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled
2018-05-10 07:08:41.330 UTC [228] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
2018-05-10 07:08:41.331 UTC [235] LOG:  autovacuum launcher started

主机 pgAdmin 连接 postgis 容器

连接信息

导入 ShapeFile 数据

使用主机上的PostGIS Shapefile Import/Export Manager 连接 Docker 中的 PostgreSql数据库

连接信息

添加文件后点击导入(import)

在数据库中查看导入的 shape 数据

连接QGIS

将数据导入 QGIS 查看

连接 ArcGIS Pro

连接信息

查看数据记录

注： 通过PostGIS Shapefile Import/Export Manager 导入的数据加载到ArcGIS Pro 中没有空间参考，故添加到地图中没有意义，但可以在 Catalog 中看到。

导入新数据到sde中

在导入之前需要在连接的数据库中创建与用户名一致的模式，在这我们是sde。

创建 sde 模式

导入数据

在 ArcGIS Pro 中查看数据

在 QGIS 中查看数据

总的效果

总结

整个过程通过使用 Vagrant 创建Centos系统，在创建的系统之上安装 Docker, 然后在Docker的基础上安装整合好的 PostGIS 镜像，并运行容器，接着使用 QGIS 和 ArcGIS Pro 连接PostGIS容器导入各种格式的数据、查看数据等。说了这么多，那这样做究竟有什么好处呢？ 个人认为有以下几方面的好处。

• 解决开发和部署环境不一致性的问题；
• 快速安装所需软件，避免一个一个安装，节省时间；
• 数据库数据是存储在Linux上且绑定到容器里面的，保证了数据的安全性，同时可以多次挂载、测试及连接（link），即使是在原有镜像基础上增加了新的功能；
• 跨平台

参考

• Docker
• Vagrant
• vmware
• PostgreSQL
• PostGIS
• kartoza/postgis
• 文章：Set Up a PostGIS Database With Docker