随着RESTful Web Service的流行,测试对外的Service是否满足期望也变的必要的。从Spring 3.2开始Spring了Spring Web测试框架,如果版本低于3.2,请使用spring-test-mvc项目(合并到spring3.2中了)。
Spring MVC测试框架提供了对服务器端和客户端(基于RestTemplate的客户端)提供了支持。
对于服务器端:在Spring 3.2之前,我们测试时一般都是直接new控制器,注入依赖,然后判断返回值。但是我们无法连同Spring MVC的基础设施(如DispatcherServlet调度、类型转换、数据绑定、拦截器等)一起测试,另外也没有现成的方法测试如最终渲染的视图 (@ResponseBody生成的JSON/XML、JSP、Velocity等)内容是否正确。从Spring 3.2开始这些事情都可以完成了。而且可以测试完整的Spring MVC流程,即从URL请求到控制器处理,再到视图渲染都可以测试。
对于客户端:不需要启动服务器即可测试我们的RESTful 服务。1 服务器端测试
我的环境:JDK7、Maven3、spring4、Servlet3
首先添加依赖
如下是spring-context和spring-webmvc依赖:
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<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
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版本信息:<spring.version>4.0.0.RELEASE</spring.version>
如下是测试相关的依赖(junit、hamcrest、mockito、spring-test):
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<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>${junit.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
<artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId>
<version>${hamcrest.core.version}/version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
<artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
<version>${mockito.core.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
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版本信 息:<junit.version>4.11</junit.version>、<hamcrest.core.version>1.3< /hamcrest.core.version>、<mockito.core.version>1.9.5< /mockito.core.version>
然后准备测试相关配置
实体:
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package
com.sishuok.mvc.entity;
import
java.io.Serializable;
public
class
User
implements
Serializable {
private
Long id;
private
String name;
//省略getter/setter等
}
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控制器:
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package
com.sishuok.mvc.controller;
//省略import
@Controller
@RequestMapping
(
"/user"
)
public
class
UserController {
@RequestMapping
(
"/{id}"
)
public
ModelAndView view(
@PathVariable
(
"id"
) Long id, HttpServletRequest req) {
User user =
new
User();
user.setId(id);
user.setName(
"zhang"
);
ModelAndView mv =
new
ModelAndView();
mv.addObject(
"user"
, user);
mv.setViewName(
"user/view"
);
return
mv;
}
}
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XML风格配置:
spring-config.xml:加载非web层组件
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<?xml version=
"1.0"
encoding=
"UTF-8"
?>
<beans xmlns=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http:
//www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http:
//www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
">
<!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 加载的 -->
<!-- 请参考 http:
//jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 -->
<context:component-scan base-
package
=
"com.sishuok.mvc"
>
<context:exclude-filter type=
"annotation"
expression=
"org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"
/>
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
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spring-mvc.xml:加载和配置web层组件
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<?xml version=
"1.0"
encoding=
"UTF-8"
?>
<beans xmlns=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:mvc=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http:
//www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http:
//www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
http:
//www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd
">
<!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 加载的 -->
<!-- 请参考 http:
//jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 -->
<context:component-scan base-
package
=
"com.sishuok.mvc"
use-
default
-filters=
"false"
>
<context:include-filter type=
"annotation"
expression=
"org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"
/>
</context:component-scan>
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<bean id=
"viewResolver"
class
=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"
>
<property name=
"prefix"
value=
"/WEB-INF/jsp/"
/>
<property name=
"suffix"
value=
".jsp"
/>
</bean>
</beans>
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web.xml配置:此处就不贴了,请前往github查看。
对于context:component-scan注意事项请参考《context:component-scan扫描使用上的容易忽略的use-default-filters》和《第三章 DispatcherServlet详解 ——跟开涛学SpringMVC》。
等价的注解风格配置:
AppConfig.java:等价于spring-config.xml
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package
com.sishuok.config;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Configuration
@ComponentScan
(basePackages =
"com.sishuok.mvc"
, excludeFilters = {
@ComponentScan
.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.
class
})
})
public
class
AppConfig {
}
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MvcConfig.java:等价于spring-mvc.xml
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package
com.sishuok.config;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import
org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import
org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver;
import
org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
import
org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurationSupport;
import
org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver;
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan
(basePackages =
"com.sishuok.mvc"
, useDefaultFilters =
false
, includeFilters = {
@ComponentScan
.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.
class
})
})
public
class
MvcConfig
extends
WebMvcConfigurationSupport {
@Bean
public
ViewResolver viewResolver() {
InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver =
new
InternalResourceViewResolver();
viewResolver.setPrefix(
"/WEB-INF/jsp/"
);
viewResolver.setSuffix(
".jsp"
);
return
viewResolver;
}
}
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WebInitializer.java:注册相应的web.xml中的组件
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package
com.sishuok.config;
import
org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer;
import
org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener;
import
org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext;
import
org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter;
import
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet;
import
javax.servlet.DispatcherType;
import
javax.servlet.FilterRegistration;
import
javax.servlet.ServletException;
import
javax.servlet.ServletRegistration;
import
java.util.EnumSet;
public
class
WebInitializer
implements
WebApplicationInitializer {
@Override
public
void
onStartup(javax.servlet.ServletContext sc)
throws
ServletException {
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext rootContext =
new
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
rootContext.register(AppConfig.
class
);
sc.addListener(
new
ContextLoaderListener(rootContext));
//2、springmvc上下文
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext springMvcContext =
new
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
springMvcContext.register(MvcConfig.
class
);
//3、DispatcherServlet
DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet =
new
DispatcherServlet(springMvcContext);
ServletRegistration.Dynamic dynamic = sc.addServlet(
"dispatcherServlet"
, dispatcherServlet);
dynamic.setLoadOnStartup(
1
);
dynamic.addMapping(
"/"
);
//4、CharacterEncodingFilter
CharacterEncodingFilter characterEncodingFilter =
new
CharacterEncodingFilter();
characterEncodingFilter.setEncoding(
"utf-8"
);
FilterRegistration filterRegistration =
sc.addFilter(
"characterEncodingFilter"
, characterEncodingFilter);
filterRegistration.addMappingForUrlPatterns(EnumSet.of(DispatcherType.REQUEST),
false
,
"/"
);
}
}
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对于WebInitializer,请参考《Spring4新特性——Groovy Bean定义DSL》
到此基本的配置就搞定了,接下来看看如何测试吧。
1.1 以前的测试方式
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package
com.sishuok.mvc.controller;
//省略import
public
class
UserControllerTest {
private
UserController userController;
@Before
public
void
setUp() {
userController =
new
UserController();
//安装userCtroller依赖 比如userService
}
@Test
public
void
testView() {
MockHttpServletRequest req =
new
MockHttpServletRequest();
ModelAndView mv = userController.view(1L, req);
ModelAndViewAssert.assertViewName(mv,
"user/view"
);
ModelAndViewAssert.assertModelAttributeAvailable(mv,
"user"
);
}
}
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准备控制器:我们通过new方式创建一个,然后手工查找依赖注入进去(比如从spring容器获取/new的);
Mock Request:此处使用Spring提供的Mock API模拟一个HttpServletRequest,其他的Servlet API也提供了相应的Mock类,具体请查看Javadoc;
访问控制器方法:通过直接调用控制器方法进行访问,此处无法验证Spring MVC框架的类型转换、数据验证等是否正常;
ModelAndViewAssert:通过这个Assert API验证我们的返回值是否正常;
对于单元测试步骤请参考:加速Java应用开发速度3——单元/集成测试+CI
这种方式的缺点已经说过了,如不能走Spring MVC完整流程(不能走Servlet的过滤器链、SpringMVC的类型转换、数据验证、数据绑定、拦截器等等),如果做基本的测试没问题,这种方式 就是纯粹的单元测试,我们想要的功能其实是一种集成测试,不过后续部分不区分。
1.2 安装测试环境
spring mvc测试框架提供了两种方式,独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。
独立测试方式
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public
class
UserControllerStandaloneSetupTest {
private
MockMvc mockMvc;
@Before
public
void
setUp() {
UserController userController =
new
UserController();
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(userController).build();
}
}
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1、首先自己创建相应的控制器,注入相应的依赖
2、通过MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup模拟一个Mvc测试环境,通过build得到一个MockMvc
3、MockMvc:是我们以后测试时经常使用的API,后边介绍
集成Web环境方式
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//XML风格
@RunWith
(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.
class
)
@WebAppConfiguration
(value =
"src/main/webapp"
)
@ContextHierarchy
({
@ContextConfiguration
(name =
"parent"
, locations =
"classpath:spring-config.xml"
),
@ContextConfiguration
(name =
"child"
, locations =
"classpath:spring-mvc.xml"
)
})
//注解风格
//@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
//@WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp")
//@ContextHierarchy({
// @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", classes = AppConfig.class),
// @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", classes = MvcConfig.class)
//})
public
class
UserControllerWebAppContextSetupTest {
@Autowired
private
WebApplicationContext wac;
private
MockMvc mockMvc;
@Before
public
void
setUp() {
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
}
}
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1、@WebAppConfiguration:测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的;value指定web应用的根;
2、@ContextHierarchy:指定容器层次,即spring-config.xml是父容器,而spring-mvc.xml是子容器,请参考《第三章 DispatcherServlet详解 ——跟开涛学SpringMVC》
3、通过@Autowired WebApplicationContext wac:注入web环境的ApplicationContext容器;
4、然后通过MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build()创建一个MockMvc进行测试;
到此测试环境就搭建完成了,根据需要选择使用哪种方式即可。相关配置请前往github查看。
1.3、HelloWorld
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@Test
public
void
testView()
throws
Exception {
MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
"/user/1"
))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name(
"user/view"
))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists(
"user"
))
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print())
.andReturn();
Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get(
"user"
));
}
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}
1.5 测试示例
测试普通控制器
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//测试普通控制器
mockMvc.perform(get(
"/user/{id}"
,
1
))
//执行请求
.andExpect(model().attributeExists(
"user"
))
//验证存储模型数据
.andExpect(view().name(
"user/view"
))
//验证viewName
.andExpect(forwardedUrl(
"/WEB-INF/jsp/user/view.jsp"
))
//验证视图渲染时forward到的jsp
.andExpect(status().isOk())
//验证状态码
.andDo(print());
//输出MvcResult到控制台
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