1、LNMP架构介绍

LNMP==Linux+Nginx+Mysql+PHP 
nginx:省资源,省cpu,所以在高并发时能够处理更多的请求,高端能达到3万到5万的并发量。 
nginx和LAMP不同的是,提供web服务的是Nginx 
并且php是作为一个独立服务存在的,这个服务叫做php-fpm 
Nginx直接处理静态请求,动态请求会转发给php-fpm
mark
在当前互联网环境下,一般高端的服务前端都采用nginx作为web前端,而更多的都是采用lnmp架构,真正的后端服务器才会采用apache. 
为什么这么做,要取决于nginx和apache两者之间的优缺性.: 
nginx与apache相比有以下优势:在性能上,nginx占用很少的系统资源,能支持更多的并发链接,达到更高的访问率;在功能上,Nginx是优秀的代理服务器和负载均衡器;在安装配置上,简单灵活。 
nginx模块基本都是静态编译,同时对Fast-CGI支持比较好.在处理链接上,nginx支持epoll,而且体积小一般只有几百K。 
Nginx的优点有以下几点:
1.作为Web服务器,nginx处理静态文件、索引文件以及自动索引效率非常高。
2.作为代理服务器,Nginx可以实现无缓存的反向代理加速,提高网站运行速度。
3.作为负载均衡服务器,Nginx既可以在内部直接支持Rails和PHP,也可以支持HTTP代理服务器,对外进行服务。同时支持简单的容错和利用算法进行负载均衡。
4.在性能方面,Nginx是专门为性能优化而开发的,在实现上非常注重效率。它采用内核Poll模型,可以支持更多的并发连接,最大可以支持对50 000个并发连接数的响应,而且占用很低的内存资源。
5.在稳定性方面,Nginx采取了分阶段资源分配技术,使得对CPU与内存的占用率非常低。Nginx官方表示Nginx保持10 000个没有活动的连接,这些连接只占2.5M内存,因此,类似DOS这样的攻击对Nginx来说基本上是没有任何作用的。
6.在高可用性方面,Nginx支持热部署,启动速度特别迅速,因此可以在不间断服务的情况下,对软件版本或者配置进行升级,即使运行数月也无需重新启动,几乎可以做到7×24小时的不间断运行。

2、mysql安装

安装mysql的配置,其实在做LAMP的时候已经做过了,一模一样的编译配置。http://blog.51cto.com/chy940405/2047288 (有需要的可以看看这篇)

3、php安装总结

和LAMP安装PHP方法有差别,需要开启php-fpm服务

[root@chy php-5.6.30]#  wget http://cn2.php.net/distributions/php-5.6.30.tar.gz 
[root@chy php-5.6.30]# tar  -zxvf php-5.6.30.tar.gz 
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin php-fpm (增加php-fpm用户)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php-fpm --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fpm/etc --enable-fpm --with-fpm-user=php-fpm --with-fpm-group=php-fpm --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysql-sock=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-libxml-dir --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-iconv-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-mcrypt --enable-soap --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-ftp --enable-mbstring --enable-exif --with-pear --with-curl  --with-openssl
(编译参数如上,如下是详解参数 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php-fpm(php路径) --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fpm/etc(php配置文件路径) --enable-fpm(启动服务必须的参数) --with-fpm-user=php-fpm(指定php的用户) --with-fpm-group=php-fpm(指定phpd 的组) --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysql-sock=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-libxml-dir --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-iconv-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-mcrypt --enable-soap --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-ftp --enable-mbstring --enable-exif --with-pear --with-curl  --with-openssl 

报错信息1:configure: error: Please reinstall the libcurl distribution -
    easy.h should be in <curl-dir>/include/curl/
解决方法:[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# yum install -y libcurl-devel 
然后再次编译时:编译成功
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# echo $?
0
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# make && make install 
(然后make 与make install)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# echo $?
0
(make 成功)

php-fpm简单介绍

[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# ls /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/
php-fpm
其中(php-fpm是php-fpm的启动文件)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# ls /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/
(查看日志的启动文件)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -i 
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -m
(查看php的模块)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -t
[10-Aug-2017 01:41:12] ERROR: failed to open configuration file '/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf': No such file or directory (2)
[10-Aug-2017 01:41:12] ERROR: failed to load configuration file '/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf'
[10-Aug-2017 01:41:12] ERROR: FPM initialization failed
(-t测试php-fpm的配置的语法是否正确)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# cp php.ini-production /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php.ini
(cp php的线上的配置文件到/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php.ini下去)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# cd /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/
[root@chy01 etc]# ls
pear.conf  php-fpm.conf.default  php.ini
[root@chy01 etc]# vim php-fpm.conf
(创建php-fpm.conf,增加如下配置)
[global]
pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log
[www]
listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock
listen.mode = 666
user = php-fpm
group = php-fpm
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500
rlimit_files = 1024
(配置文件含义如下:[global](定义全局参数)
pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.pid (定义pid)
error_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log
[www] (服务的名称)
listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock(监听的sock)
#listen =127.0.0.1:9000 (这个是监听的ip地址)
listen.mode = 666(这个是如果监听的是sock此项才会生效,则不会生效)
user = php-fpm(用来定义用户)
group = php-fpm
pm = dynamic (如下是关于进程的信息)
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500
rlimit_files = 1024
[root@chy01 etc]# cd /usr/local/src/php-5.6.30 (进入到php的源码包里)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
(cp配置文件到/etc/init.d/php-fpm 下)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fpm 
(更改配置权限为755)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# chkconfig --add php-fpm
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# chkconfig --list

注意:该输出结果只显示 SysV 服务,并不包含原生 systemd 服务。SysV 配置数据可能被原生 systemd 配置覆盖。 
      如果您想列出 systemd 服务,请执行 'systemctl list-unit-files'。
      欲查看对特定 target 启用的服务请执行
      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'。

apache2         0:关 1:关 2:关 3:开 4:关 5:开 6:关
mysqld          0:关 1:关 2:开 3:开 4:开 5:开 6:关
netconsole      0:关 1:关 2:关 3:关 4:关 5:关 6:关
network         0:关 1:关 2:开 3:开 4:开 5:开 6:关
php-fpm         0:关 1:关 2:开 3:开 4:开 5:开 6:关
(增加到开机启动)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# /etc/init.d/php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm  done
(启动服务)
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# ps aux |grep php-fpm
root     125159  0.0  0.3 226640  4948 ?        Ss   02:13   0:00 php-fpm: master process (/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf)
php-fpm  125160  0.0  0.3 226640  4712 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125161  0.0  0.3 226640  4712 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125162  0.0  0.3 226640  4712 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125163  0.0  0.3 226640  4712 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125164  0.0  0.3 226640  4716 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125165  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125166  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125167  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125168  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125169  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125170  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125171  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125172  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125173  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125174  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125175  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125176  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125177  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125178  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm  125179  0.0  0.3 226640  4720 ?        S    02:13   0:00 php-fpm: pool www
root     125220  0.0  0.0 112664   976 pts/0    R+   02:15   0:00 grep --color=auto php-fpm
[root@chy01 php-5.6.30]# ls -l /tmp/php-fcgi.sock 
srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 8月  10 02:13 /tmp/php-fcgi.sock

4nginx介绍与安装

nginx官网http://nginx.org
Nginx应用场景:web服务、反向代理、负载均衡
Nginx著名分支,淘宝基于Nginx开发的Tengine,使用上和Nginx一致,服务名,配置文件名都一样,和Nginx的最大区别在于Tenging增加了一些定制化模块,在安全限速方面表现突出,另外它支持对js,css合并

[root@chy01 src]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.12.1.tar.gz
(下载nginx安装包)
[root@chy01 src]# tar zxvf nginx-1.12.1.tar.gz (解压)
[root@chy01 src]./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
[root@chy01 src]# cd nginx-1.12.1
(进入到此目录下开始编译)
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# echo $?
0
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# make && make install
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# echo $?
0
(编译成功)
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
(-t检查配置文件语法是否错误)
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# vim /etc/init.d/nginx (在启动配置文件中增加如下内容)
#!/bin/bash
# chkconfig: - 30 21
# description: http service.
# Source Function Library
. /etc/init.d/functions
# Nginx Settings
NGINX_SBIN="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
NGINX_CONF="/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
NGINX_PID="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
RETVAL=0
prog="Nginx"
start() 
{
    echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
    mkdir -p /dev/shm/nginx_temp
    daemon $NGINX_SBIN -c $NGINX_CONF
    RETVAL=$?
    echo
    return $RETVAL
}
stop() 
{
    echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
    killproc -p $NGINX_PID $NGINX_SBIN -TERM
    rm -rf /dev/shm/nginx_temp
    RETVAL=$?
    echo
    return $RETVAL
}
reload()
{
    echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
    killproc -p $NGINX_PID $NGINX_SBIN -HUP
    RETVAL=$?
    echo
    return $RETVAL
}
restart()
{
    stop
    start
}
configtest()
{
    $NGINX_SBIN -c $NGINX_CONF -t
    return 0
}
case "$1" in
  start)
        start
        ;;
  stop)
        stop
        ;;
  reload)
        reload
        ;;
  restart)
        restart
        ;;
  configtest)
        configtest
        ;;
  *)
        echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|reload|restart|configtest}"
        RETVAL=1
esac
exit $RETVAL
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/nginx  (增加nginx权限)
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# chkconfig --add nginx
(将nginx设置为开机自启)
[root@chy01 nginx-1.12.1]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/ (配置nginx的配置文件,需要先下一个模板)
[root@chy01 conf]# mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.1
(因nginx已经有一个配置文件,需要将此配置文件cp并且重新更改一个自己的配置文件)
[root@chy01 conf]# vim nginx.conf
(配置nginx的配置文件)
user nobody nobody;
worker_processes 2;
error_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx_error.log crit;
pid /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;
events
{
    use epoll;
    worker_connections 6000;
}
http
{
    include mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 3526;
    server_names_hash_max_size 4096;
    log_format combined_realip '$remote_addr $http_x_forwarded_for [$time_local]'
    ' $host "$request_uri" $status'
    ' "$http_referer" "$http_user_agent"';
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    keepalive_timeout 30;
    client_header_timeout 3m;
    client_body_timeout 3m;
    send_timeout 3m;
    connection_pool_size 256;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 8 4k;
    request_pool_size 4k;
    output_buffers 4 32k;
    postpone_output 1460;
    client_max_body_size 10m;
    client_body_buffer_size 256k;
    client_body_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/client_body_temp;
    proxy_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp;
    fastcgi_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_temp;
    fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    gzip on;
    gzip_min_length 1k;
    gzip_buffers 4 8k;
    gzip_comp_level 5;
    gzip_http_version 1.1;
    gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/htm 
    application/xml;
    server
    {
        listen 80;
        server_name localhost;
        index index.html index.htm index.php;
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
        location ~ \.php$ 
        {
            include fastcgi_params;
            fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /usr/local/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;
        }    
    }
}
如下是配置文件的简单介绍:
user nobody nobody; (定义的nginx的用户)
worker_processes 2;(定义子进程有几个)
error_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx_error.log crit; (定义错误日志)
pid /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;(定义nginx最多能打开多少个文件)
events
{
    use epoll;
    worker_connections 6000;(进程有多少个连接)
}
http
{
    include mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 3526;
    server_names_hash_max_size 4096;
    log_format combined_realip '$remote_addr $http_x_forwarded_for [$time_local]'
    ' $host "$request_uri" $status'
    ' "$http_referer" "$http_user_agent"';
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    keepalive_timeout 30;
    client_header_timeout 3m;
    client_body_timeout 3m;
    send_timeout 3m;
    connection_pool_size 256;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 8 4k;
    request_pool_size 4k;
    output_buffers 4 32k;
    postpone_output 1460;
    client_max_body_size 10m;
    client_body_buffer_size 256k;
    client_body_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/client_body_temp;
    proxy_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp;
    fastcgi_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_temp;
    fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    gzip on;
    gzip_min_length 1k;
    gzip_buffers 4 8k;
    gzip_comp_level 5;
    gzip_http_version 1.1;
    gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/htm 
    application/xml;
    server
    {
        listen 80;
        server_name localhost;
        index index.html index.htm index.php;
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
        location ~ \.php$ (配置解析Php)
        {
            include fastcgi_params;
            fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /usr/local/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;
        }    
    }
}
[root@chy01 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
(查看nginx配置文件是否有错)
[root@chy01 conf]# /etc/init.d/nginx start(这里报了一个错误)
Starting nginx (via systemctl):  Job for nginx.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status nginx.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
                                                           [失败]
(根据提示查错误,[root@chy01 conf]# systemctl status nginx.service
● nginx.service - SYSV: http service.
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx; bad; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since 五 2017-08-11 00:23:23 CST; 36s ago
     Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
  Process: 5613 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx start (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

8月 11 00:23:21 chy01 nginx[5613]: nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
8月 11 00:23:21 chy01 nginx[5613]: nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
8月 11 00:23:22 chy01 nginx[5613]: nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
8月 11 00:23:22 chy01 nginx[5613]: nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 nginx[5613]: nginx: [emerg] still could not bind()
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 nginx[5613]: [失败]
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 systemd[1]: nginx.service: control process exited, code=exited status=1
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 systemd[1]: Failed to start SYSV: http service..
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 systemd[1]: Unit nginx.service entered failed state.
8月 11 00:23:23 chy01 systemd[1]: nginx.service failed.
(可以看到提示错误nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use) 提示的意思为80端口被使用)
[root@chy01 conf]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/apachectl stop
(将http关闭)
[root@chy01 conf]# /etc/init.d/nginx start 
Starting nginx (via systemctl):                            [  确定  ]
(在进行启动,启动成功)
[root@chy01 conf]# ps aux |grep nginx
root       5655  0.0  0.0  20484   628 ?        Ss   00:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
nobody     5656  0.0  0.2  22928  3216 ?        S    00:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
nobody     5657  0.0  0.2  22928  3216 ?        S    00:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
root       5672  0.0  0.0 112664   976 pts/0    S+   00:26   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
(可以看到子进程为root,主进程为nobody)
[root@chy01 conf]# curl localhost
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
(nginx 进行测试)
[root@chy01 conf]# vim /usr/local/nginx/html/1.php
(创建一个php的测试文件
<?php
echo "this is nginx test page";
[root@chy01 conf]# curl localhost/1.php
this is nginx test page[root@chy01 conf]# 
(如上解析成功)